Gastrointestinal Involvement in The Confirmed Covid-19 Patients

The current pandemic of Coronavirus disease 2019, or known as COVID-19, has been claimed as Public Health Emergency of International Concern by WHO on 30 January 2020. According to WHO, there 47.362.304 confirmed cases and 1.211.986 deaths reported due to COVID-19 and still counting. This article investigates the involvement of gastrointestinal symptoms in COVID-19 related to the pathogenesis, transmission, and severity of the disease. The data was collected by keyword searching through EBSCO, PubMed, Google scholar, and additional references from retrieved articles. This article analyzes studies investigating gastrointestinal symptoms in Covid-19. The studies found gastrointestinal symptoms in COVID-19 confirmed patients such as abdominal pain, diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, constipation, and melena. Two studies showed that COVID-19 patients with gastrointestinal symptoms tended to have more severe disease. ACE2, as the receptor of S protein, was found abundantly in intestinal enterocytes besides in the respiratory system. Enterocyte abnormality induces decreased absorption of NA+, water, and mucosal disaccharides. It leads to increased undigested mono and disaccharides, carbohydrates, fats, and protein into the colon. As a result, the colon is unable to absorb sufficient water, leading to diarrhea. Gastrointestinal symptoms are commonly found in patients with COVID‐19, and the trend is increasing in the later stage of the epidemic. SARS‐CoV‐2 enters gastrointestinal epithelial cells and the feces of COVID‐19 patients are potentially infectious. The virus also found in wastewater system and may cause water pollution. Hence, further studies investigating gastrointestinal symptoms and possibility of fecal oral transmission should be conducted.Pandemi penyakit coronavirus 2019 atau disebut COVID-19 dinyatakan sebagai kegawatdaruratan kesehatan publik oleh WHO pada 30 Januari 2020. Berdasarkan WHO, sebanyak 47.362.304 kasus terkonfirmasi dan 1.211.986 kematian dilaporkan dan jumlahnya masih terus meningkat. Review ini menguraikan keterlibatan sistem gastrointestinal pada pasien terkonfirmasi COVID-19 yang terkait dengan patogenesis, transmisi, dan keparahan penyakit. Data didapatkan dari pencarian artikel melalui EBSCO,PubMed, Google Scholar, dan sumber lain. Review ini menganalisis gejala gastrointestinal yang terjadi pada pasien COVID-19. Gejala gastrointestinal dialami oleh pasien terkonfirmasi COVID-19, antara lain nyeri perut, diare, mual, muntah, konstipasi, dan melena. Dua penelitian menyebutkan bahwa pasien dengan gejala gastrointestinal memiliki tingkat keparahan penyakit yang lebih besar. ACE2 sebagai reseptor dari S protein banyak ditemukan pada enterosit selain pada sistem respirasi. Abnormalitas enterosit mengurangi absorpsi Na+,air, dan disakarida mukosa sehingga meningkatkan mono dan disakarida, lemak, protein yang tak tercerna. Hal tersebut menyebabkan ketidakmampuan absorpsi air sehingga terjadi diare. Gejala gastrointestinal banyak ditemukan pada pasien COVID-19 dan makin meningkat. SARS-CoV-2 masuk melalui sel epitelial dan feses pada pasien COVID-19 berpotensi infeksius. Virus juga ditemukan pada sistem pembuangan dan dapat menyebabkan polusi air. Oleh karenanya, perlu dilakukan penelitian lebih lanjut terkait gejala gastrointestinal dan kemungkinan transmisi fekal-oral