The effect of biological, chemical, and physical pre-treatment on solid pineapple waste for fermentable sugar production

Solid pineapple waste is a good source for lactic acid production, as it is rich in sugar. Lactic acid major applications are in food, textile, leather and chemical industries. The pre-treatment of solid pineapple waste is really significant in order to improve lactic acid production. The type of pre-treatment is preferred based on the end product. Three types of pre-treatment methods were investigated to determine the highest sugar produced for lactic acid fermentation; physical, chemical and biological method. In the physical pre-treatment, a microwave was used. The pre-treatment was conducted under 150 rpm for 1 hour. Prior to the pre-treatment, the waste was treated with both acid and alkali solutions. Sampling was performed every 10 minutes. Next, the chemical pre-treatment was conducted by using H2SO4. The concentration used in the range of 1% (v/v) and 3% (v/v). The temperature was varied in the range of 100-120°C temperature. As for biological method, white-rot fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporium was used to remove the lignin. The fungi was inoculated into the hydrolysate and allowed to fermentate (pre-treatment) for 10 days under 30°C. All samples collected from the pre-treatment methods were analysed using HPLC (for sugar content) and ADF and NDF (for lignin, cellulose and hemicellulose content). The pre-treated waste was classified based on their sugar content and also percentage of lignin removal. The pre-treated waste was classified based on their sugar content and also percentage of lignin removal. The best pre-treatment method was then concluded based on the, sugar content, percentage of lignin, cellulose and hemicellulose before and after pretreatment for the production of Lactic acid.Solid pineapple waste is a good source for lactic acid production, as it is rich in sugar. Lactic acid major applications are in food, textile, leather and chemical industries. The pre-treatment of solid pineapple waste is really significant in order to improve lactic acid production. The type of pre-treatment is preferred based on the end product. Three types of pre-treatment methods were investigated to determine the highest sugar produced for lactic acid fermentation; physical, chemical and biological method. In the physical pre-treatment, a microwave was used. The pre-treatment was conducted under 150 rpm for 1 hour. Prior to the pre-treatment, the waste was treated with both acid and alkali solutions. Sampling was performed every 10 minutes. Next, the chemical pre-treatment was conducted by using H2SO4. The concentration used in the range of 1% (v/v) and 3% (v/v). The temperature was varied in the range of 100-120°C temperature. As for biological method, white-rot fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporium was used to remove the lignin. The fungi was inoculated into the hydrolysate and allowed to fermentate (pre-treatment) for 10 days under 30°C. All samples collected from the pre-treatment methods were analysed using HPLC (for sugar content) and ADF and NDF (for lignin, cellulose and hemicellulose content). The pre-treated waste was classified based on their sugar content and also percentage of lignin removal. The pre-treated waste was classified based on their sugar content and also percentage of lignin removal. The best pre-treatment method was then concluded based on the, sugar content, percentage of lignin, cellulose and hemicellulose before and after pretreatment for the production of Lactic acid