Uticaj krmnog useva, tipa i plodnosti zemljišta na produktivnost i hemijski sastav kabaste stočne hrane

Variability of productivity and quality of alfalfa and red clover roughage results from specificities of mineral plant nutrition in various production conditions, among other factors, i.e. different uptake and accumulation of various mineral nutrients and quantities from the soil. The aim of this dissertation was to define the expected yields and quality on a certain soil type and fertility level, which helps develop models of roughage production in order to enable optimization of growing technology for more intensive field and fodder crops production. Analysis of forage crop type, soil type and soil fertility effect on the productivity and chemical composition of roughage was carried out on two plant species (alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) and red clover (Trifolium pratense L.)) on six different soil types (chernozem, vertisol, eutric cambisol, fluvisol, humofluvisol and humogley) and four soil fertility classes (low, medium, high and very high). Soil and plant material were sampled in May 2011. Yields of fresh weight and dry matter of forage crops from the first cutting depended on the plant species, soil type and soil fertility. Red clover yielded more than alfalfa, since it has lower demands towards soil fertility and reaches good productivity even on poorer soils. Forage crops average yield increased as soil fertility increased; the highest yields were reached on chernozem soil. Forage quality was conditioned by heterogeneity of the soil types and increased as soil fertility increased. On soils with favourable physical and chemical properties forages contained more crude proteins, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, sulphur, molybdenum, but less cellulose and nickel. However, on soils with very high fertility nitrates content in plants was the highest. Content of most tested elements, including nitrates, was higher in alfalfa dry matter than in red clover...Varijabilnost produktivnosti i kvaliteta kabaste stoĉne hrane od lucerke i crvene deteline posledica je, izmeĊu ostalih faktora, specifiĉnosti mineralne ishrane biljnih vrsta u razliĉitim proizvodnim uslovima, koja se ogleda u razliĉitosti usvajanja i akumulacije mineralnih materija iz zemljišta, kako u pogledu vrste, tako i koliĉine elemenata. Cilj rada je definisanje oĉekivanih prinosa i kvaliteta na odreĊenom tipu zemljišta i nivou plodnosti, ĉime se stvaraju modeli proizvodnje kabaste stoĉne hrane, koji omogućavaju optimizaciju tehnologije gajenja u cilju intenzivnije ratarske i stoĉarske proizvodnje. Ispitivanje uticaja krmnog useva, tipa i plodnosti zemljišta na produktivnost i hemijski sastav kabaste stoĉne hrane je izvedeno sa dve biljne vrste (lucerka (Medicago sativa L.) i crvena detelina (Trifolium pratense L.)) na šest razliĉitih tipova zemljišta (ĉernozem, vertisol, eutriĉni kambisol, fluvisol, humofluvisol i humoglej) i ĉetiri klase plodnosti (niska, srednja, visoka i vrlo visoka plodnost). Uzorkovanje zemljišta i biljnog materijala je izvršeno tokom maja 2011. godine. Prinosi zelene mase i suve materije krmnih useva iz prvog otkosa pokazali su zavisnost u odnosu na biljnu vrstu, tip i plodnost zemljišta. Crvena detelina je imala veće prinose u odnosu na lucerku, s obzirom da ima manje zahteve prema plodnosti zemljišta, te dobru produktivnost ostvaruje i na zemljištima lošijeg kvaliteta. Proseĉan prinos krmnih useva je rastao sa povećanjem plodnosti zemljišta. Najveći prinosi ostvareni su na ĉernozemu. Kvalitet krme je bio uslovljen heterogenošću tipova zemljišta, a rastao je sa povećanjem plodnosti zemljišta. Na zemljištima povoljnijih fiziĉko-hemijskih osobina krmiva su sadrţavala više sirovih proteina, fosfora, kalijuma, kalcijuma, sumpora, molibdena, a manje celuloze i nikla. MeĊutim, na zemljištu vrlo visoke plodnosti i sadrţaj nitrata u biljkama je bio najveći. Sadrţaj većine ispitivanih elemenata, kao i nitrata, bio je veći u suvoj materiji lucerke, u odnosu na crvenu detelinu..