Uticaj agroekoloških i agrotehničkih uslova na osobine semena uljanih biljaka

Soybean and sunflower are economically important oil crops both in our country and on the global scale. Global and regional climate changes may significantly contribute to the occurrence of climatic stress. Abiotic stresses (drought, excessive moisture, cold or heat extremes) already affect the stability of the oil crop production and their impact is expected to further increase in the near and distant future. Consequently, it has been decided to study the impact of agroecological conditions and agrotechnical practices on the production of organic matter, yield performance and seed quality of soybean and sunflower. The object of study were three soybean varieties (Balkan, Novosađanka and Vojvođanka) and three F1 sunflower hybrids (NS-H-111, Velja and Bačvanin), which had been developed at Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops in Novi Sad. Small-plot field trials were conducted in the period from 2007 to 2011, in three locations. The soil type was slightly calcareous chernozem in two locations (Bačka and Srem) and calcareous chernozem in one location (Banat). The experiments were conducted in a randomized block design with four replications and they received optimum crop management. Soybean and sunflower seed yield, oil content and yield, seed quality and biological value (seed vigor and germination) were determined in accredited laboratories of the Institute. The obtained results were statistically analyzed. The obtained results showed that the seed yield of soybean was significantly affected by climatic conditions (year), location, year x location interaction, and year x cultivar interaction. The other factors showed no statistically significant effects. Oil content and oil yield in soybean seed were significantly affected by year, location, cultivar and their interactions. The biological value of soybean seed (germination energy and germinability) was significantly affected by year, location and cultivar while germination energy was significantly affected by the aforementioned factors and the year x location interaction. Soybean seed purity was significantly affected by the aforementioned factors and the year x cultivar interaction while seed moisture were also significantly affcted by the impact and between years x location and years x cultivar interactions. It was found that the seed absolute weight was significantly affected by year and cultivar. The effects of other studied factors and their interactions were not statistically significant. The obtained results indicated that, contrary to soybean, the seed yield of sunflower was not significantly affected by either of the tested factors. The oil content in sunflower seed was significantly affected by year, location, the studied F1 hybrids and the interactions among these factors. Factor analysis confirmed that the oil yield of sunflower partly depends on the oil content in seed. Climatic conditions (year), location, and the studied F1 hybrids significantly affected the sunflower oil yield. Seed purity, germination energy and germinability were significantly affected by most of the studied factors, in the first place by climatic conditions (year), F1 hybrids studied, location and their interactions. Only few of the studied factors were found to affect seed moisture and the absolute weight of 1,000 seeds.Proizvodnja uljanih biljaka, soje i suncokreta, ima višestruki privredni značaj kod nas i u svetu. Klimatske promene globalnog i regionalnog karaktera mogu imati značajan uticaj na pojavu stresa. Abiotički stres (suša, prevelika vlaga, ekstremna hladnoća ili toplota) bitno utiče na stabilnost ove proizvodnje sada, posebno će to biti izraženo u bližoj i daljoj budućnosti. Stim u vezi, postavljen je cilj da se ispitaju agroekološki i agrotehnički uslovi i utvrdi njihov uticaj na produkciju organske materije, prinos i kvalitet semena, soje i suncokreta. Predmet istaživanja bile su tri sorte soje („balkan“, „novosađanka“ i „vojvođanka“) i tri F1 hibrida suncokreta („NS-H-111“, „velja“ i „bačvanin“) stvoreni u Institutu za ratarstvo i povrtarstvo iz Novog Sada. Poljski mikro ogledi izvedeni su u periodu od 2007. do 2011. godine na tri lokaliteta na zemljištu tipa slabo karbonatni černozem (Bačka i Srem) i karbonatni černozem (Banat). Eksperimenti su izvedeni po slučajnom blok sistemu u četiri ponavljanja i uz primenu optimalne agrotehnike. Prinos semena, sadržaj i prinos ulja, kvalitet semena i biološka vrednost (energija klijanja i klijavost) semena soje i suncokreta ispitana je u akreditovanim laboratorijama Instituta za ratarstvo i povrtarstvo. Rezultati istraživanja obrađeni su statistički. Rezultatima istraživanja je utvrđeno da na prinos semena soje statistički značajan uticaj imaju klimatski uslovi (godine), lokalitet, interakcija godina i lokaliteta i interakcija godina i sorata, dok ostali efekti ne pokazuju statističku značajnost. Na sadržaj i prinos ulja u semenu soje statistički značajan uticaj imaju godine, lokalitet, sorte i njihove interakcije. Utvrđeno je da na biološku vrednost semena soje (energiju klijanja i klijavost) značajan uticaj imaju godine, lokalitet i sorte, dok na energiju klijanja semena značajan uticaj ima, pored pomenutih, i interakcija godine i lokaliteta. Na čistoću semena soje, pored pomenutih faktora, značajan uticaj ima interakcija godina i sorte, a na vlažnost semena značajan uticaj imaju i interakcija između godine i lokaliteta i godina i sorte. Utvrđeno je da na apsolutnu masu semena statistički značajan uticaj imaju godine i sorte, dok uticaj ostalih ispitivanih faktora i njihovih interakcija ne pokazuje statstičklu značajnost. Rezultatima istraživanja utvrđeno je da na prinos semena kod suncokreta, za razliku od soje, nijedan od ispitivanih i posmatranih faktora nema statistički značajan uticaj. Na sadržaj ulja u semenu suncokreta statistički značajan uticaj imaju godine, lokalitet, ispitivani F1 hibridi i njihove interakcije. Faktorskom analizom potvrđeno je da prinos ulja kod suncokreta jednim delom zavisi od sadržaja ulja u semenu. Utvrđen je statistički značajan uticaj klimatskih uslova (godina), lokaliteta i ispitivanih F1 hibrida na prinos ulja kod suncokreta. Ustanovljeno je da na čistoću semena, energiju klijanja i klijavost statistički značajan uticaj ima većina ispitivanih faktora i to pre svih klimatski uslovi (godine), ispitivani F1 hibridi, lokaliteti i njihove interakcije. Dok na vlažnost semena i apsolutnu masu 1.000 zrna uticaj ima znatno manji broj ispitivanih faktora