The impact of urban expansion on land surface temperature and vegetation cover for climate change adaptation in Pasir Mas, Kelantan, Malaysia

In global, urban temperature increase day by day. This climatic condition called Urban Heat Island (UHI) which is one of the indicator of climate change phenomenon. Pasir Mas district, Kelantan, Malaysia is one of the district that in the phase of developing city which is lead to urban expansion. . The objective of this research is to determine relationship between urban expansion, Land Surface Temperature (LST) and vegetation cover. The relationship between LST and Land Cover types in Pasir Mas, Kelantan, Malaysia was studied using data gathered from three satellite images from Landsat-5 (02th of May 1999), Landsat-5 (14th of June 2009) and Landsat-8 (28th of July 2019). There were four categories of land use: built-up area, green area, bare land and water sources. ArcGIS software was used to calculate the value of LST. In 1999, Pasir Mas, Kelantan in Malaysia comprised 74.86% green area, 14.69% bare land, 8.29% built-up area and 2.16% water sources. By 2009, the green area decreased to 72.41%, bare land increased to 15.1%, built up increased to 8.99% and water sources increased to 3.51%. In 2019, green area decreased to 66.18%, bare land decreased to 11.69, built up increased to 19.84% and water sources decreased to 2.29%. Moreover, in 1999 the mean LST was 18.99 °C for built up areas, 17.93 °C for green area, 17.5 °C for water sources and 18.57 °C for bare land. However, by 2009 the LSTs had increased for each category: 25.41 °C for built up areas (+6.42 °C), 24.31 CC for green area (+6.38 'V), 23.97 °C for water sources (+6.47 °C) and 25.14 °C for bare area (+6.57 °C). By 2019 the LSTs slightly increased for each category: 26.08 °C for built-up area (+0.67 CC), 24.94 °C for green area (+0.63 °C), 24.03 °C for water sources (+0.06 °C) and 25.48 °C for bare area (+0.34 °C). The findings indicate that the LSTs increased with the pace of urbanization and changes in land use. Polynomial regression revealed that built-up area, green area and bare area had a high correlation with LST