Acoustic design considerations: Review of rotor acoustic sources

It is not sufficient to optimize a rotor design in terms of a single noise level calculated for a single flight condition and a single measurement location. The various noise sources, their frequency content, amplitude, and directivity as a function of operating condition must be considered. A summary of the frequency ranges, directivity patterns and the most important operational and design parameters for major rotor noise sources is presented. It is difficult to generalize design requirements for rotor noise because the acoustic output varies so widely depending on the noise source, flight condition, measurement location, and frequency range. However, assuming the rotor must lift a fixed nominal payload and operate over a wide range of flight conditions, three general design guidelines can be stated: (1) minimize tip Mach number; (2) minimize blade thickness in the tip region; and (3) minimize gradients in the spanwise lift distribution in the tip region. Constraints on blade thickness, maximum values for hover tip Mach number, advancing tip Mach number and spanwise lift coefficient gradient will be specified during the aerodynamic, dynamic and structural optimization process. The rotor noise sources to be considered include the low frequency loading and thickness noise, and the higher frequency noise due to blade-vortex interactions (BVI). The analyses to be employed will include the comprehensive rotor analysis and design program CAMRAD and the rotor noise prediction program WOPWOP