An evaluation of the impacts of aging on skeletal muscle performance in several mammalian divers

Based on the ‘free radical theory of aging,’ I hypothesized that hypoxia caused by the mammalian dive response induces free radical production which could modulate or accelerate cellular aging. On the other hand, to prevent free radical “stress” (pro- /antioxidant imbalance), divers could display elevated protective mechanisms. Additionally, the unusual connection between diving physiology and foraging ecology implies that aging physiology is significant to our understanding of ecology for divers. This study examines three aspects of aging in representative diving mammals. First, gracilis muscle morphology was analyzed for old/young shrews (water shrew, Sorex palustris (diver); short-tailed shrew, Blarina brevicauda (non-diver)). Extracellular space was elevated in old animals (10% diver, ~70% non-diver; P=0.021), which corresponded to a larger extracellular collagen component of old muscle (~60%; P=0.008). Muscle was dominated by Type I collagen, and the ratio of collagen Type I: III more than doubled with age (P=0.001). Second, oxidative stress markers, protective antioxidant enzymes and apoptosis were examined in muscle of the two shrew species. The activities of antioxidant enzymes catalase and glutathione peroxidase were statistically identical at each age in both species. The Cu,Zn superoxide dismutase isoform was, however, elevated in older animals (115% diver, 83% non-diver, P=0.054). Only one indicator of oxidative stress (lipid peroxidation) increased with age (P=0.009), whereas the other markers declined (4-hydroxynonenal content, P=0.008, dihydroethidium oxidation, P=0.025). Apoptosis occurred in