The cost and environmental impact of service life extending self-healing engineered materials for sustainable steel reinforced concrete

To achieve higher sustainability of steel reinforced concrete structures, their service life should be extended. When subject to chloride induced steel corrosion, time dependent repair works are most probably inevitable. Evidently, this results in extra concrete manufacturing and thus more environmental impact. Cracks offering direct pathways for the corrosion inducing substances play a very detrimental role in this. This paper presents the potential of using self-healing concrete to cope with this problem. By incorporating a polyurethane (PU)-based healing agent that is adequately released upon crack occurrence, chloride ingress is hindered substantially and onset of active corrosion is postponed. The required number of repair actions within 100 years could then drop to zero. Nevertheless, the implementation of a self-healing mechanism comes along with a higher initial cost and additional environmental impacts. Therefore, the necessary cost and life cycle assessment calculations have been performed as well. It was found that the cost of the PU-based healing agent is very reasonable while the extra costs of the capsules are for the moment still unacceptable. Environmental burdens associated with the PU precursor filled capsules are negligible (0.1–4.8%) in comparison with the impacts related to regular concrete repair to meet the design service life of 100 years