Optimal design of an adaptive cruise control system for driving comfort and fuel economy

proportional-integral (PI) control, fuzzy logic control (FLC), and Linear-Quadratic Regulator (LQR). The performance of the control systems is simulated using set test scenarios, and an optimal ACC design is selected based on minimum acceleration, deceleration, and jerk performance, as defined in ISO 15622, following performance and minimum fuel consumption. Results show that the LQR controller has the best performance in meeting the ISO 15622, the lowest target vehicle the following root mean square error (RMSE), and the second-lowest New European Drive Cycle (NEDC) urban cycle fuel consumption