Driver's Interactions with Advanced Vehicles in Various Traffic Mixes and Flows (Connected and Autonomous Vehicles (CAVs), Electric Vehicles (EVs), V2X, Trucks, Bicycles and Pedestrians) - Phase I: Driver Behavior Study and Parameters Estimation

U.S. Transportation Collection2020PDFTech ReportJeihani, MansourehBanerjee, SnehanshuKabir, Md MuhibKhadem, NashidUrban Mobility & Equity CenterMorgan State UniversityUnited States. Department of Transportation. Office of the Assistant Secretary for Research and TechnologyUnited States. Department of Transportation. University Transportation Centers (UTC) ProgramUrban Mobility & Equity CenterUnited StatesAutonomous vehiclesBehaviorBrakingConnected vehiclesCrash avoidance systemsDriver support systemsDriversDriving simulatorsOperating speedReaction timeSteeringVehicle mixApplicationsElectric vehiclesBicyclesPedestriansTrucksTraffic flowDriver ParametersCAVSafety ApplicationsVehicle-to-Everything (V2X)69A43551747123Final January 2018 - October 2019Considering the rapid boom in information technology and people\u2019s increasing dependence on mobile data, automotive manufacturers have started equipping vehicles with wireless communication capabilities, manufacturing what are commonly known as connected vehicles, and autonomous systems to assist drivers with certain driving tasks. These technological advances have led to fast tracking the deployment of connected and autonomous vehicles (CAVs), and an increased momentum in implementing these applications, as the number of driving assistance systems pre-equipped in cars by automotive companies has witnessed a sharp increase during this decade. However, most of the new cars come pre-equipped with these applications, which means that the drivers\u2019 reactions to such applications are not fully examined since most of the experiments involving these applications are done using microscopic simulations with the behavior of the drivers\u2019 being assumed. Therefore, this rapid deployment and implementation has led to a lack of research in understanding the drivers\u2019 reactions to such applications before they actually use them, which is an essential element in ensuring the effectiveness and successful implementations of such applications. This study aims to investigate driver behavior in terms of braking, steering and throttle control and change in speed, in the presence of CAV applications, using a driving simulator. The study consisted of 93 participants from diverse socio-economic backgrounds who drove in 186 experiments. The use of Pedestrian Collision Warning and Red-Light Violation Warning had a significant impact on participant braking behavior, where participants resorted to initial aggressive braking in the presence of these applications. Forward Collision Warning had a positive influence on change in speed while Curve Speed Warning had no impact on speed. Lastly, the steering wheel and throttle Take Over Reaction time (TORt) in the post autonomous mode being 2.47 seconds and 2.98 seconds respectively, is greatly influenced by the annual miles driven, age, and familiarity with this technology. Based on the findings, certain driver-related parameters were identified; TORt, Deceleration Rate and Change in Speed, which could be integrated into a traffic simulator to simulate realistic human driving behavior in mixed traffic, involving both human drivers as well as automated vehicles.105