From Incompatibility to Optimal Joint Measurability in Quantum Mechanics

This thesis is concerned with several topics related to concept of incompatibility of quan- tum observables. The operational description of quantum theory is given, in which incom- patibility is expressed in terms of joint measurability. A connection between symmetric informationally complete positive operator-valued measures and mutually unbiased bases is given, and examples of this connection holding based on investigations in Mathematica are presented. An extension of the Arthurs-Kelly measurement model is then given, where the measured observable is calculated, thereby generalising the results given previously in the literature. It is shown that in the case of prior correlations between measurement probes there exists the possibility that a measurement of both probes leads to marginal observables with smaller statistical spread than if measurements are performed on the individual probes. This concept is then highlighted by considering two probe states that allow for this reduction in spread, and the required conditions for success are given. Fi- nally, error-error relations for incompatible dichotomic qubit observables are considered in the case of state-dependent and independent error measures. Quantities that arise in the state-independent measures case, which were previously presented geometrically, have been given operational meaning, and optimal approximating schemes in both cases are compared. Limitations regarding the state-dependent optimal approximations, and experimental work built upon this construction are also discussed