Revisiting non-offspring nursing: Allonursing evolves when the costs are low

This is the accepted manuscript. The final published version is available from Royal Society Publishing at http://rsbl.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/10/6/20140378.abstract.Allonursing, the nursing of another female's offspring, is commonly assumed to have evolved through the benefits of kin selection or reciprocity. The evolution of allonursing may also be influenced by variation in the possible costs to allonurses. The relative influence of costs and benefits on the incidence of allonursing in mammals remains unexplored. We show, using comparative analyses, that where females group with kin, the presence or the absence of allonursing is not associated with further variation in relatedness. Allonursing is most common where females produce litters; here the relative investment per offspring is low, and the costs of nursing additional young are likely to be reduced. Our results suggest that variation in the potential benefits is not associated with the distribution of allonursing, but that allonursing can quickly evolve when the costs to allonurses of nursing additional offspring are low.D.L. received funding from ERC grant no. 294494-THCB2011