Pioneering women of microbiology in Spain

Presented herein are the trajectories of four women who can be considered pioneers of microbiology in Spain. Three of them have been studied before, but never presented as pioneers of microbiology, and their lives are briefly reviewed: Zoe Rosinach Pedrol, a pioneering microbiologist in the health care field; Isabel Torán del Carré, in the agri-food sector; and Luz Zalduegui Gabilondo in the veterinary sciences. Nevertheless, Trinidad del Pan Arana is presented from the first time as pioneering microbiologist in the natural sciences area. All of these women developed their professional activity during the first third of the twentieth century, contributing to the establishment of microbiology as a new scientific discipline in Spain.This study was funded by the Secretariat of Statefor Universities, Research, Development and Innovation of the Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities of the Spanish governmentthrough the research project HAR2016-76125-P