Canada has over 800 active mines that generate more than half a million tons of waste annually. Abandoned unreclaimed mines and waste typically remain unvegetated for tens to hundreds of years during which time they constitute a major eyesore to adjacent communities and pose further risks to their surroundings as contaminants are continuously spread via aeolian and water erosion. Phytoremediation has gained popularity as an efficient, cost-effective alternative to ex-situ techniques as it also restores aesthetic value, important for reclaiming large expanses of contaminated or degraded land. In this study, consisting of both greenhouse and field trials, the symbiotic associations of the pioneer actinorhizal tree and shrub species, alders, w...