This thesis explores animal spirit shamanism (chuma xian) as it occurs in Liaoning, China. Aspects of this form of shamanism to be discussed and analysed include its origins, development, and practices; its relationships with Manchu shamanism and the Han Chinese cult of the fox; its medical implications and its involvement with Buddhism, Daoism, and other local cults. The history and characteristics of the chuma xian practice are closely tied to questions of power, and reflect Foucault's theory of power pluralism. This thesis argues that chuma xian practice is a particular product of local history and ethnography; it is also a means for expressing and exercising local religious beliefs of the people in Liaoning, especially within under-priv...