Transport-Triggered Soft Cores

Soft cores are used as flexible software programmable components in FPGA designs. Transport-Triggered Architecture (TTA) is interesting for this use due to its scalability, modularity, simplified register files (RF) and fine-grained compiler control, but has the drawback of wider instructions and additional multiplexing due to extensive RF port sharing. In this paper we evaluate the trade-offs of TTA in soft core use in comparison to its closest multi-issue relative, the traditional "operation triggered" VLIW architecture, as well as the Xilinx MicroBlaze, a popular single-issue soft core. For the compared alternatives running CHStone benchmarks, the dual-issue TTA with a monolithic RF provides the best performance/area trade-off. Its program size increase varies from 21% to 49% in comparison to the VLIW programming model. However, synthesis results on a Xilinx Zynq Z7020 device show that the dual-issue TTA requires 67% of the resources while providing up to 88% improvement in execution time compared to VLIW. Partitioning the RF is found beneficial for both VLIW and TTA programming models, resulting in a very similar FPGA resource usage, but with TTA model improving execution time up to 77%. As a single-issue soft core, we measured execution time improvements up to 173% when comparing with the TTA approach against the performance-optimized MicroBlaze with similar datapath resources.Peer reviewe