Effect of aluminum addition and mycorrhizal inoculation on growth of Pinus morrisonicola seedlings

本研究之目的為利用台灣五葉松 (Pinus morrisonicola) 幼苗，種植於無鋁毒害的土壤(農業用土) 及平溪野外採集具有鋁毒害的土壤 (煤礦棄土)，並接種彩色豆馬勃 (Pisolithus tinctorius, P.t.) 及龜紋硬皮馬勃 (Scleroderma areolatum, S.a.) 2種外生菌根菌，苗木生長2個月後，進行不同鋁濃度 (0 μM、300 μM、1000 μM和1300 μM) 及時間 (30天和70天) 的處理，進行生物量、植體養分、可溶性碳水化合物及葉綠素濃度測定，以了解不同處理對台灣五葉松苗木生長的影響及生理效應。結果顯示，台灣五葉松之生物量以0 μM鋁並接種 P.t. 處理，具最大生物量。植體養分中氮、磷、鉀、鈣、鎂隨著鋁濃度增加而減少，鈉則隨著鋁濃度增加而增加；未接種菌根菌的植體，會有較高的鈉累積，但氮、磷、鉀、鈣、鎂濃度則較低。另外，植體中可溶性碳水化合物及葉綠素濃度也隨著鋁處理濃度增加而降低。比較兩種不同土壤的差異，農業用土即使經過了1300 μM濃度的鋁處理，土壤可置換鋁離子顯著低於煤礦棄土，證實台灣五葉松苗木在煤礦棄土上之生長及生理效應較農業用土壤劣勢。同時，台灣五葉松苗木生長於煤礦棄土中，其生長生理表現，接種菌根處理者較未接種處理者佳；而在大多數處理中，接種 P.t. 對於苗木的助益也優於接種 S.a. 之苗木。接種外生菌根菌能增加台灣五葉松在鋁逆境下的耐受性。在長期高濃度鋁處理下，未接種菌根處理下，苗木累積可溶性碳水化合物濃度明顯低於接種菌根處理者，而地下部乾重和氮、磷、鉀、鈣、鎂濃度也均大於未接種菌根處理者，證明外生菌根菌的苗木具有最優的耐鋁能力，而無外生菌根的植株則表現最差。In this study, Pinus morrisonicola seedlings were planted in two kinds of soils. One of the soils called agricultural soil without aluminum toxicity. The other soils called coal mine spoils abundant exchangeable aluminum. Those seedlings were inoculated with two kinds of ectomycorrhizal fungi Pisolithus tinctorius and Scleroderma areolatum. After two months, seedlings were treated with different aluminum concentrations (0 μM、300 μM、1000 μM and 1300 μM) and different time (30 and 70 days). Finally, the biomass, plant nutrient, total soluble carbohydrates and chlorophyll were determined to evaluate the different treatments on plant growth and physiologic effects. The results showed that among all treatment, seedlings which added with 0 μM aluminum solution and inoculated with P. tinctorius had the highest biomass. The nutrient N, P, K, Ca and Mg concentration of plant tissue were decreased with increased aluminum, but the Na concentration increased when the concentration of aluminum solution was increased. Those non-inoculated seedlings contained more Na indicated that the Na was accumulated in plant tissue, but less absorption of N, P, K, Ca and Mg. On the other hand, the concentration of total soluble carbohydrate and chlorophyll were decreased when the concentration of aluminum solution were increased. Compared with agricultural soil and coal mine spoils, even though the agricultural soil was added 1300 μM aluminum solution, the exchangeable aluminum was sidnificant lower in agricultural soil than in coal mine spoils. It showed that the plant growth and physiologic effect of P. morrisonicola seedlings were worse in agricultural soil than that in coal mine spoils. Also, it was observed that seedlings growth inoculated with P. tinctorius and S. areolatum were better than those of non-inoculated. Most of the experiments, the seedlings growth inoculated with P. tinctorius were better than that of S. areolatum. Mycorrhizal inoculation could increase the tolerance of P. morrisonicola under aluminum stress. The soluble carbohydrates of P. morrisonicola inoculated with P. tinctorius were significantly lower than those non-inoculaed. In contrast, the roots dry weight, N, P, K, Ca and Mg of plant inoculated with ectomycorrhizal fungi were significantly higher than those non-inoculaed. In conclusion, seedlings inoculated with ectomycorrhizal fungi had the best performance, and those non-inoculated had the worst performance.摘要 i Abstract ii 目次 iv 表目次 vi 壹、前言 1 貳、前人研究 3 一、 煤礦區廢棄土之土壤性質 3 二、 酸性土壤與鋁逆境 3 三、 鋁對植物的危害 4 (一) 鋁對植物形質生長的影響 4 (二) 鋁對光合作用系統的影響 4 (三) 鋁對養分吸收的影響 5 (四) 鋁對可溶性碳水化合物的影響 6 四、 植物適應酸性土壤下鋁逆境的機制 6 五、 菌根的功能 7 參、材料與方法 9 一、 試驗用植物之簡介 9 二、 試驗用外生菌根菌之簡介 9 (一) 彩色豆馬勃(Pisolithus tinctorius) 9 (二) 龜紋硬皮馬勃(Scleroderma areolatum) 9 三、 外生菌根菌種培養 10 四、 苗木生長試驗 10 (一) 介質來源 10 (二) 苗木培育 10 (三) 菌根接種處理 10 (四) 土壤鋁處理 11 五、 苗木生長與生理特性調查 11 (一) 生物量 11 (二) 植體元素及養分分析 11 (三) 葉綠素濃度分析 12 (四) 可溶性碳水化合物 12 六、 土壤性質分析 13 (一) 土壤pH值 13 (二) 全氮 13 (三) 有效磷 13 (四) 可置換性陽離子與CEC 13 (五) 土壤有機質 14 (六) 土壤粒徑分析 14 (七) 土壤置換性鋁 14 七、 數據處理 15 肆、結果 16 一、 土壤置換性鋁分析 16 二、 土壤養分分析 16 三、 植體生物量 17 四、 植體元素及養分分析 20 (一) 鋁 20 (二) 鉀 22 (三) 鈉 22 (四) 鈣 25 (五) 鎂 27 (六) 磷 27 (七) 氮 29 五、 可溶性碳水化合物 31 六、 葉綠素濃度 32 伍、討論 34 一、 土壤養分分析 34 二、 土壤置換性鋁 34 三、 鋁逆境及接種菌根菌對生物量之影響 34 四、 鋁逆境及接種菌根菌對植體鋁之影響 35 五、 鋁逆境及接種菌根菌對養分吸收之影響 36 六、 鋁逆境及接種菌根菌對碳水化合物之影響 38 七、 鋁逆境及接種菌根菌對葉綠素之影響 39 陸、結論 40 柒、參考文獻 41 捌、附錄 4