Influence of Hydroponic Culture and Nitrogen Concentration on Plant Growth and Fruit Pungency of 'Beauty Zest' and 'Hungariana ' Pepper (Capsicum annuum L. var. annuum)

摘要 利用水耕方式栽培‘麗香’及‘奇雅’辣椒，藉養液配方處理使植物處於不同養分環境中。觀測於養分逆境下植株發育、果實生長與果實內部辣椒素含量及其相關生合成與分解酵素活性變化。 試驗中調查兩品種於第五分叉果實花後40天植株發育及果實生長情形。Long Ashton處理造成兩品種植株矮小、重量減輕、葉面積減少、總葉綠素含量下降、硝酸還原酶與麩胺醯胺合成酶活性下降，為處理間植株生長性狀最差者，但部分性狀與Hoagland處理無顯著差異，New處理則植株生長良好。於果實生長上Long Ashton處理與Hoagland處理結果數低、單株產量降低、胎座比例上升，為處理間顯著最低，果實中辣椒素(capsaicin)含量以Long Ashton處理含量高。 ‘麗香’果實生長階段中，Long Ashton處理於生長初期果長、果重、果寬低於另兩養液處理。果實生長初期capsaicin與dihydrocapsaicin含量以Long Ashton處理最低，但其上升速度快，分別於花後30天與40天超過另兩處理。於果實中胎座之PAL(phenylalanine ammonia lyase)、C4H(cinnamic acid-4-hydroxylase) peroxidase活性較果皮高且穩定，處理間以Long Ashton處理之PAL、C4H與peroxidase活性高於另兩處理，花後40天達顯著差異。果實胎座與果皮CS (capsaicinoid synthetase)活性相似，於花後40天達最大值，處理間造成的差異小。 以Hoagland為基本配方，以三種氮濃度栽培‘麗香’及‘奇雅’辣椒，研究植株與果實生長發育、果實內部辣椒素含量及其相關生合成與分解酵素活性。試驗中兩品種6 mM氮處理植株莖細矮小，重量降低，葉面積減少，葉綠素含量下降、硝酸還原酶與麩胺醯胺合成酶活性下降，‘麗香’根冠鮮重比上升。6 mM氮處理之胎座比例上升，結果數、單株產量顯著低於10 mM與14 mM氮處理，果實中辣椒素(capsaicin)含量以6 mM與10 mM氮處理含量高。 ‘麗香’果實生長期胎座capsaicin含量較果皮高，6 mM與10 mM氮處理capsaicin含量顯著高於 14 mM氮處理，花後40天有最大capsaicin含量。於果實中胎座之PAL、peroxidase活性較果皮高且穩定，胎座處理間以6 mM氮處理之活性高於另兩處理，花後40天可達顯著差異。果實胎座與果皮CS活性相似，果實生長初期處理間無顯著差異，於花後40天過後處理間始有差異。Abstract Two cultivars of pepper plants (Capsicum annuum L. var. annuum) were cropped in different hydroponic culture. The effect of nutrient on plant development, fruit growth, capsaicin content and enzymatic activity of capsaicin biosynthesis were investigated in this study. Plant development and fruit growth were measured at 50th day after the fifth blossomed-nodes flowered. Both cultivars of pepper plant in the Long Ashton treatment had shorter plant, lighter weight, smaller leaf area, more deficient in amounts of total chlorophyll, lower activity of nitrate reductase and glutamine synthetase than the other treatments. However, some plant characters, had no significant compared to those in Hoagland treatment. Comparing to the plant in the New treatment, those in Long Ashton and Hoagland treatments had less fruit set, lower yield, and higher ratio of placenta. The amount of capsaicin in pepper fruit was increasedr in the Long Ashton treatment. The fruit length, fruit weight and fruit width of ‘Beauty Zest' in Long Ashton treatment were decreased compared to other treatments. The amounts of capsaicin and dihydrocapsaicin per fruit on the initial fruit growth in Long Ashton treatment were low, but higher than the other treatments after flowering for 30 and 40 day. The activity of PAL, C4H and peroxidase in placenta were higher and more stable than those in pericarp. They were higher in Long Ashton treatment than those in the other treatments. The activity of CS was similar in all treatments. Two cultivars of pepper plants (Capsicum annuum L. var. annuum) were grown in hydroponic culture with different nitrogen concertration to investigate the plant and fruit development, the amount of capsaicin, the enzymatic activity of capsaicin biosynthesis. Two cultivars of pepper plant in the 6mM nitrogen treatment had shorter plant, lighter weight, smaller leaf area ,more deficient in amounts of total chlorophyll, lower activity of nitrate reductase and glutamine synthetase, but the root to shoot ratio of ‘Beauty Zest' was increased. The ratio of placenta in 6 mM nitrogen treatment was increased, but the fruit set percent and yield per plant were significantly lower than those in the other treatments. The amount of capsaicin in the fruit was highest in 6 and 10 mM nitrogen treatment. The activity of PAL and peroxidase, the amount of capsaicin in placenta of ‘Beauty Zest' was higher than tat in pericarp. The amount of capsaicin in fruit treated by 6 and 10 mM nitrogen were significantly higher than that in 14 mM nitrogen treatment. CS activity in placenta and pericarp were affected by nitrogen treatments at 40 days after flowering, but not at 20and 30 days after flowering.壹、中文摘要 貳、英文摘要 參、前言 肆、前人研究 一、氮之重要性 二、氮肥的吸收同化及其相關酵素 三、缺氮及不同氮肥型態對番椒植株生理、生長及產量上之影響 四、辣椒果實辣味合成與降解 伍、材料與方法 一、養液處理對辣椒植株發育與果實品質之影響 二、氮濃度處理對辣椒植株發育與果實品質之影響 陸、結果 一、養液處理下辣椒植株之生長情形 二、養液處理下氮同化相關酵素表現情形 三、養液處理下辣椒開花與果實之生長情形 四、養液處理下果實辣味與果實胎座Capsaicin生合成與 分解相關酵素之活性 五、養液處理下果實生長情形 六、養液處理下果實辣味含量與辣椒素生合成及 分解相關酵素之活性 七、氮濃度處理下辣椒植株之生長情形 八、氮處理下氮同化相關酵素之活性 九、氮處理下辣椒開花與果實之生長情形 十、氮處理下果實辣味、胎座capsaicin生合成與 分解相關酵素活性 十一、氮濃度處理下‘麗香’果實辣味與辣椒素之生合成及 分解相關酵活性 柒、討論 一、養液處理對辣椒植株生育之影響 二、養液處理對辣椒果實生長之影響 三、氮處理對植株生育之影響 四、氮處理對辣椒果實生長之影響 五、養液與氮處理對辣椒果實capsaicinoids含量與其 生合成相關酵素活性之影響 捌、參考文獻 玖、附