A Study on the Preference with External Effect of Farmland Resources in Taiwan - An Application of Conjoint Analysis

近幾年來，農業與環境的關係逐漸受到世人的重視，惟大部分相關文獻均針對農業環境的負面作用來探討，事實上，農業對環境亦有正面作用。 本研究採用聯合分析法，評估受訪者對於不同農地資源環境組合之偏好順序。首先將農地資源分成「農地總效益」、「糧食生產」、「環境保育」、「開放空間」和「遊憩休閒機會」五個屬性，每個屬性均有二至三個不同之屬性水準，經過部分因子設計中之直交排列，使受測體縮減成18個受測體，將18個受測體製作成18張卡片，讓受訪者依其偏好排列卡片順序。抽樣調查地點為台北、台中、高雄三大都會區,經實地調查後，共得有效樣本205份。根據實證結果，本研究的結果可歸納如下： 1.農地資源屬性相對重要程度百分比愈大，表示該地區受訪者愈重視該農地資源屬性，而大部份地區圴以「環境保育」屬性所佔相對比例最大，顯示受訪者最重視該屬性。 2.在效用函數的內涵方面，各地區成分效用值之正負符號和大小趨勢，均具有一致性。而某一屬性水準在各地區成分效用值之全距，則可用來表示該屬性在各區之效用敏感度，其中北部地區受訪者對「農地總效益」、「環境保育」和「遊憩休閒機會」三種屬性比較敏感，中部地區受訪者對「糧食生產」較為敏感，而南部地區受訪者則對「開放空間」比較敏感。 3.過去的農地管理政策，幾乎都從生產或土地利用的角度來管理農地資源，而未能考慮及農地所產生的外部效益，這些效益事實上和生活在農地周遭的人也密切相關，但是這些屬大多數的第三者卻無法表達他們的意見。未來應進一步將農地資源視為一種含多種屬性的商品或產品，藉由聯合分析法，讓一般民眾表達出其對於農地資源屬性組合之偏好，並納入農地管理政策，如此才能使政策的實施兼顧效率和公平，亦即社會福利方不致因農地的變更使用或釋出而降低，或是產生過度扭曲的重分配效果。The relationship of agriculture and environment had been highly valued recently, yet most related papers focused on the negative effects of agrivulture to envionment. In fact, the positive effects of agriculture to environment are also worth to concern. To evaluate the respondent''s preference orders for the characteristics of the alternative farmland resource combination, this study adopted "Conjoint Analysis" method. First, farmland was distinguished as five attributes: total benefits of farmland food production, environmental protection, open space, and recreation and leisure opportunity. Each attribute has two or three attribute levels. Eighteen tested objects-each object was combined by five factors with different level-were selected by orthogonal array of the fractional factorial designs. These 18 tested objects were then formed into 18 cards. Respondents thus can decide the order of 18 cards according to their preferences. Three metropolitan areas, namely, Taipei Tahichun and Kaoshing, were sampled trespondents, respectively. There were 205 valid samples in total. The results of this study were as follows. 1.The greater percentage of relative importance of farmland characteristic, the more important that respondent considered the farmland characteristic Since "environmental protection" has the highest percentage in most areas, this attribute was valued most by the respondent. 2.As for the utility scales of each attribute, the signs and degrees of seniority of part-worth value were consistent in each area. The range of part-worth value in each attributes level menat utility sensitivity of attributes in each area. In north areas, respondents were more sensitive in "total benefits of farmland", "environment protection" and "recreation and leisure opportunities" than other attributes. In central areas, respondents were more sensitive in "food production" than other attributes. In south areas, respondents were more sensitive in "open space" than other attibutes. 3.In the past, managerial policy of farmland almost only focused on production or land utilization while ignored the external benefits of farmland. In fact, these benefits are closely related to people who live near farmland but they can''t express their opinios. Therefore, farmland resources should be regarded as a kind of product or commodity with a lot of attributes. By way of conjoint analysis, people can express their preference for different farmland characteristic combination. Farmland policy thus can be modified by the results and can imply efficiency and fair. Hence, public welfare will not be decreased and the effect of redistribution will not be distorted due to the release or change of farmland