Validation of growth simulation model for suckling piglets

本研究之目的在探討無控制變因之現場飼養狀況下，季節、品種、窩仔數、胎次、仔豬出生重等因子對母豬乳量及仔豬窩日增重之影響，並以試驗數據所導出之方程式修飾與驗證仔豬生長模擬模式。本試驗採用國家核心豬場北場藍瑞斯(Landrace, L)、約克夏(Yorkshire, Y)、杜洛克(Duroc, D)三個品種各十二頭母豬為實驗動物，試驗母豬採任食，母豬乳量之測定採秤重－吮乳－秤重法(Weigh-suckle-weigh; WSW)，分別於仔豬4、11、18、25日齡時測定母豬乳量，並於試驗當天結束後注射催產素採取乳汁加以分析。本試驗之熱季定義為5-10月，涼季為11-4月，試驗為期一年。 由試驗數據分析結果顯示，品種、胎次、窩仔數、窩日增重、及泌乳期顯著影響母豬乳量，季節未顯著影響乳量，但涼季乳量有較高之趨勢。季節、品種、胎次、窩仔數、乳量、及泌乳期顯著影響仔豬窩日增重；仔豬出生重未顯著影響仔豬窩日增重，但SNK分析及迴歸關係顯著。 L、Y、D之乳組成中，乳脂率(%)分別為4.95±0.37、6.19±0.20、6.09±0.33；乳蛋白質率(%)分別為4.24±0.10、4.38±0.13、4.50±015；乳糖率(%)分別為5.78±0.11、5.78±0.07、5.53±0.10，三個品種間之乳脂率具顯著差異性(P0.05)。 哺乳仔豬生長模擬模式之修飾以L母豬：乳量(kg/d)＝2.84*窩日增重(kg/d)；Y母豬：乳量(kg/d)＝3.99*窩日增重(kg/d)；D母豬：乳量(kg/d)＝3.29*窩日增重(kg/d)等迴歸方程式代入模式中求出乳量，再以本試驗中測出之乳組成乘之，求得仔豬養分攝取量，進一步模擬仔豬之增重。 由於各品種仔豬之乳乾物質利用率不同，故以L仔豬：Y仔豬：D仔豬＝1.4：1：1.2之比例校正仔豬之體組成生長。 由模式模擬出之仔豬生長性狀與已發表文獻比較，修飾後之模式所模擬之仔豬出生重、隻日增重及離乳重量，模擬L、D仔豬與文獻之結果較接近，模擬Y仔豬雖偏離較多，但已比原始程式之結果較接近實測值。This study was conducted to investigate the influence of season, breed, litter size, parity, piglet birth weight, and other factors on sow''s milk yield and piglet daily litter weight gain under on-farm conditions and to apply the experimental equations to modify and validate a piglet growth simulation model. Twelve sows each of Landrace (L), Yorkshire (Y), and Duroc (D) used in the experiment were from the National Nucleus Herd, North Division, Miaoli, Taiwan and were fed ad libitum. Milk yield was measured by weigh-suckle-weigh (WSW) method at 4, 11, 18, 25 days old of piglets, respectively. Sows'' milk samples were collected at 11 and 18 days old of piglets by injected oxytocin. Hot season was defined during May and October and cool season was defined during November and April. Experimental duration was carried out for one year. According to the analyses, milk yield was influenced significantly by breed, parity, litter size, daily litter weight gain, and stage of lactation but was not influenced significantly by season. At the same time, season, breed, parity. litter size, milk yield, and stage of lactation significantly influenced daily litter weight gain. Piglet birth weight did not significantly influence daily litter weight gain in GLM model but did significantly influence daily litter weight gain in SNK analysis and regression relation. The milk fat (%) of L、Y、D sows'' milk were 4.95±0.37, 6.19±0.20, and 6.09±0.33, respectively; milk protein(%) were 4.24±0.10, 4.38±0.13, and 4.50±0.15, respectively; milk lactose(%) were 5.78±0.11, 5.78±0.07, and 5.53±0.10, respectively. There were significant differences (P0.05) for milk protein and lactose. The equations of milk yield (My, kg/d) to daily litter weight gain (Lg, kg/d) of L, Y, and D sow were My＝2.84Lg, My＝3.99Lg, My＝3.29Lg individually, and were used in piglet growth simulation model to derive milk yield demand. The piglet nutrient intake was therefore derived from milk yield and milk composition, and piglet weight gain was then simulated as well. Because of different utilization efficiency of milk dry matter among three breeds, the deposition of piglet body composition was modified by the ratio of L piglet：Y piglet：D piglet＝1.4：1：1.2. According to the comparison between simulated piglet growth performance and those from published paper, piglet birth weight, daily weight gain and weaning weight of L and D were closer to those of published paper. Although predicted values from Y deviated more than those from published paper, these values were still much closer than those from original model.壹、 中文摘要-------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 貳、 前言-------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2 參、 文獻檢討-------------------------------------------------------------------- 5 一、 哺乳仔豬生長模擬模式之探討------------------------------------- 5 二、 母豬泌乳之控制機制------------------------------------------------- 6 (一) 內分泌之控制---------------------------------------------------- 6 (二) 自體內分泌之控制機制---------------------------------------- 7 三、 母豬泌乳量之測定---------------------------------------------------- 8 (一) 測定泌乳量之問題與盲點------------------------------------- 8 (二) 測定泌乳量之方式---------------------------------------------- 8 四、 影響母豬泌乳量之因子--------------------------------------------- 10 五、 泌乳量與仔豬生長間之關係--------------------------------------- 13 六、 母豬乳組成之探討--------------------------------------------------- 14 (一) 一般組成-------------------------------------------------------- 14 (二) 影響乳組成之因子-------------------------------------------- 14 (三) 乳蛋白質-------------------------------------------------------- 14 (四) 碳水化合物----------------------------------------------------- 16 (五) 脂肪-------------------------------------------------------------- 16 (六) 鹽類及微量元素----------------------------------------------- 17 (七) 維生素----------------------------------------------------------- 18 (八) 消化酵素及酵素抑制因子----------------------------------- 18 (九) 內泌素與生長因子-------------------------------------------- 19 七、 母豬乳中養分之代謝利用效率與仔豬體組成變化------------ 19 (一) 母乳中養分之估計-------------------------------------------- 19 (二) 母乳中養分之利用與仔豬體組成之變化----------------- 19 八、 環境與潛在生長間之關係------------------------------------------ 20 九、 影響哺乳仔豬生長之因子------------------------------------------ 20 (一) 母豬本身之因素----------------------------------------------- 20 (二) 飼養管理及環境因素----------------------------------------- 21 肆、 材料與方法---------------------------------------------------------------- 31 一、 試驗動物及磅秤------------------------------------------------------ 31 二、 飼養管理--------------------------------------------------------------- 32 三、 試驗處理--------------------------------------------------------------- 32 四、 統計分析--------------------------------------------------------------- 35 五、 哺乳仔豬生長模擬模式之修飾與驗證--------------------------- 36 伍、結果與討論---------------------------------------------------------------- 37 一、 母豬乳量與季節、品種、母豬胎次、窩日增重、窩仔數及泌乳期之關係------------------------------------------------------- 37 二、 仔豬窩日增重與母豬乳量、品種、母豬胎次、窩仔數及日齡間之關係---------------------------------------------------------- 41 三、 各品種母豬乳汁組成分析-------------------------------------- 47 四、 教槽飼料採食量----------------------------------------------- 49 五、 模式之修飾與驗證------------------------------------------------- 50 陸、結論------------------------------------------------------------------------- 68 柒、參考文獻------------------------------------------------------------------- 69 捌、英文摘要------------------------------------------------------------------- 79 表次 頁次 表一、哺乳母豬飼料配方及營養成分-------------------------------------- 33 表二、仔豬教槽飼料配方及營養成分-------------------------------------- 34 表三、季節、品種、胎次、窩仔數、窩日增重及泌乳期對乳量之影響------------------------------------------------------------------------ 40 表四、季節、品種、胎次、窩仔數、泌乳期、乳量、仔豬出生重、教槽飼料採食量對窩日增重之影響------------------------------ 44 表五、季節、品種及泌乳期對乳組成之影響------------------------------- 49 表六、不同品種之仔豬生長模擬值與試驗結果之比較---------------- 67 圖次 頁次 圖一、各品種胎次分布-------------------------------------------------------- 31 圖二、乳量、窩日增重、季節、品種、胎次、窩仔數、平均出生體重、日齡、飼料營養、環境及管理之關係------------------------- 43 圖三、模擬模式中新增之功能項目----------------------------------------- 51 圖四、仔豬生長模擬模式之流程圖----------------------------------------- 52 圖五、母豬初始狀態----------------------------------------------------------- 53 圖六、懷孕期飼糧組成-------------------------------------------------------- 54 圖七、泌乳期飼糧組成-------------------------------------------------------- 55 圖八、懷孕期飼養策略-------------------------------------------------------- 56 圖九、哺乳期飼養策略-------------------------------------------------------- 57 圖十、離乳至受胎期飼養策略----------------------------------------------- 58 圖十一、懷孕期畜舍環境----------------------------------------------------- 59 圖十二、哺乳期畜舍環境----------------------------------------------------- 60 圖十三、離乳至受胎期畜舍環境-------------------------------------------- 61 圖十四、「進行模擬」之仔豬報表------------------------------------------- 62 圖十五、「L母豬之模擬」之仔豬報表--------------------------------------- 63 圖十六、「Y母豬之模擬」之仔豬報表--------------------------------------- 64 圖十七、「D母豬之模擬」之仔豬報表-------------------------------------- 6