Researches on In-situ and Ex-situ Characterization Techniques in Lithium Batteries

锂电池的电化学性能与电子及离子在体相与界面的输运、反应、储存行为有关. 从原子尺度到宏观尺度，对电池材料在平衡态与非平衡态过程的电子结构、晶体结构、微观形貌、化学组成、物理性质的演化研究对于理解锂离子电池中各类构效关系至关重要，这需要综合多种原位与非原位表征技术. 目前，基础研究处于前沿的发达国家在这些方面取得了卓有成效的进展. 本文简介了中国科学院物理研究所近年来通过国内外合作，采用原位X射线衍射（in-situ XRD）、原位X射线吸收谱（in-situ XAS）、准原位/原位扫描电镜（quasi/in-situ SEM）、球差校正扫描透射电镜（HAADF/ABF-STEM）、扫描力曲线（Force-Curve）、中子衍射（Neutron Diffraction）、热重-差示扫描量热-质谱联用（TG-DSC-MS）、表面增强拉曼（SERS）等技术研究锂离子电池电极材料结构演化方面的进展，并对未来锂离子电池研究中先进表征技术的发展进行了简要的探讨.Electrochemical performance of Lithium batteries is directly linked to interfacial transports, reactions and storing behaviors of electrons and ions at bulk-surface interfaces. It is extremely important to conduct evolution studies from atomic level to macro level in electron structures, crystal structures, microstructures and morphologies, chemical compositions and physical properties of battery materials at equilibrium and nonequilibrium in order to understand various structure-performance relations in lithium ion batteries. Advanced in-situ and ex-situ characterization techniques have been used widely to clarify scientific and technological problems in lithium batteries. This paper summarizes our efforts on battery researches using various experimental techniques, including in situ X-ray diffraction (in-situ XRD), in situ X-ray absorption spectroscopy (in-situ XAS), quasi-situ/in situ scanning electron microscopy imaging (quasi/in-situ SEM), high angle annular dark field/ annular bright field–scanning transmission electron microscopy (HAADF/ABF-STEM), scanning force curve, neutron diffraction, thermogravimetric–differential scanning calorimetry–mass spectroscopy (TG-DSC-MS), surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS), etc. Future research directions in advanced characterization techniques for lithium ion batteries are briefly discussed.国家重点基础研究发展计划（No. 2012CB932900）及国家自然科学基金杰出青年基金项目（No. 51325206）资助作者联系地址：中国科学院物理研究所，北京 100190Author's Address: Institute of physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China通讯作者E-mail：hli@iphy.ac.c