Design and Topology Optimisation of Tissue Scaffolds

Tissue restoration by tissue scaffolding is an emerging technique with many potential applications. While it is well-known that the structural properties of tissue scaffolds play a critical role in cell regrowth, it is usually unclear how optimal tissue regeneration can be achieved. This thesis hereby presents a computational investigation of tissue scaffold design and optimisation. This study proposes an isosurface-based characterisation and optimisation technique for the design of microscopic architecture, and a porosity-based approach for the design of macroscopic structure. The goal of this study is to physically define the optimal tissue scaffold construct, and to establish any link between cell viability and scaffold architecture. Single-objective and multi-objective topology optimisation was conducted at both microscopic and macroscopic scales to determine the ideal scaffold design. A high quality isosurface modelling technique was formulated and automated to define the microstructure in stereolithography format. Periodic structures with maximised permeability, and theoretically maximum diffusivity and bulk modulus were found using a modified level set method. Microstructures with specific effective diffusivity were also created by means of inverse homogenisation. Cell viability simulation was subsequently conducted to show that the optimised microstructures offered a more viable environment than those with random microstructure. The cell proliferation outcome in terms of cell number and survival rate was also improved through the optimisation of the macroscopic porosity profile. Additionally artificial vascular systems were created and optimised to enhance diffusive nutrient transport. The formation of vasculature in the optimisation process suggests that natural vascular systems acquire their fractal shapes through self-optimisation