In the Arctic diving occurs in cold water throughout the year. At a depth of 20 meters sea/fresh water (msw/mfw) temperatures are 4°C even in the warmest summer. Cold is not only a discomfort factor for divers. It also impairs physical and cognitive performance, which in turn may jeopardize diving safety, and is one of the major risk factors for decompression illness (DCI). In our study we looked for factors that influence diving safety in Arctic water temperatures and searched for possible ways to reduce the risks. Based on the results from our three studies we aimed to suggest improvements for cold water diving procedures. First, we studied special features of DCI in the Finnish diving population, and different factors associated with...