Selective replication in memory-side GPU caches

Data-intensive applications put immense strain on the memory systems of Graphics Processing Units (GPUs). To cater to this need, GPU memory systems distribute requests across independent units to provide high bandwidth by servicing requests (mostly) in parallel. We find that this strategy breaks down for shared data structures because the shared Last-Level Cache (LLC) organization used by contemporary GPUs stores shared data in a single LLC slice. Shared data requests are hence serialized - resulting in data-intensive applications not being provided with the bandwidth they require. A private LLC organization can provide high bandwidth, but it is often undesirable since it significantly reduces the effective LLC capacity. In this work, we propose the Selective Replication (SelRep) LLC which selectively replicates shared read-only data across LLC slices to improve bandwidth supply while ensuring that the LLC retains sufficient capacity to keep shared data cached. The compile-time component of SelRep LLC uses dataflow analysis to identify read-only shared data structures and uses a special-purpose load instruction for these accesses. The runtime component of SelRep LLC then monitors the caching behavior of these loads. Leveraging an analytical model, SelRep LLC chooses a replication degree that carefully balances the effective LLC bandwidth benefits of replication against its capacity cost. SelRep LLC consistently provides high performance to replication-sensitive applications across different data set sizes. More specifically, SelRep LLC improves performance by 19.7% and 11.1% on average (and up to 61.6% and 31.0%) compared to the shared LLC baseline and the state-of-the-art Adaptive LLC, respectively