Utilization of plasma in water desalination and purification

Supplying fresh drinking water to the world population is a persistent global challenge. Therefore, effective and efficient desalination processes are becoming increasingly important. Oceans account for most of the water on Earth and the presence of salts and other contaminants in seawater prevents them from being used as a source of drinking water. Owing to this challenge, non-thermal plasma can be utilized in order to enhance the existing desalination processes via membrane or material modification while it can also be used as a direct tool for seawater desalination leading to significant process improvements. A direct non-thermal plasma-based desalination process is a new emerging area of research and recent efforts have shown its promise with many unexplored mechanisms, providing benefits that conventional desalination processes cannot offer. Here we critically review the use of plasma technologies in water desalination including membrane modification by plasma for pressure, thermal, photothermal processes and direct plasma-based desalination process. We also address the use of plasmas in water purification. Finally, the existing challenges and future prospects are outlined.