ФІНАНСОВІ ІНСТРУМЕНТИ, ЇХ КЛАСИФІКАЦІЇ ТА НАПРЯМИ ІННОВАЦІЙНИХ РОЗВІДОК

Abstract. Introduction. Financial and insurance activity is multidimensional, it may include design, modeling and implementation of various financial services and instruments that will provide the best end result. Some problems of issuance, circulation and accounting of financial instruments require a thorough generalization and theoretical analysis, especially in the context of the European integration of Ukraine's economy and the financial sector in particular. The purpose of the article is to determine the essence of financial instruments, their classification features, as well as modern trends and conditions of the financial engineering. Result. Financial instruments are specific commodities of financial markets that are rotated in this market, have monetary value, and through which distribution and redistribution of financial resources is carried out. Financial engineering is a set of measures to address challenges of improving the efficiency of financial and insurance activities, reducing its risks through the design of new products and technologies, as well as the use of various combinations of existing financial instruments to meet interests and needs of the participants in financial relations. Its prerequisite is modification of the underlying asset), which is differed by: 1) hybridity; 2) structuring; 3) representation as a real asset as opposed to a financial liability. To reduce the speculative component is possibly through: 1) conducting of a thorough identification of borrowers, in particular, solvency and credit history cleanliness; 2) exclusion from the diversified portfolio of highly speculative risks and the inclusion of elementary assets with low investment risk; 3) introduction of rigorous control over financial and insurance activities. Conclusion. In order to reduce the speculative component of financial instruments, a system of measures proposed by the world financial community is introduced. This leads to the search for new areas of intelligence in the field of the financial engineering, the invention of the latest financial instruments and trade mechanisms that will ensure the stability of the financial system as a whole.У статті здійснено аналіз різних підходів до розкриття поняття «фінансові інструменти». Наведено класифікації фінансових інструментів відповідно до міжнародних, європейських і вітчизняних стандартів і нормативно- правових актів. Виявлено, що вони відрізняються як розумінням сутності фінансових інструментів, так і класифікаціями. Доведено, що в нормативно-правовій базі щодо фінансових інструментів недостатня увага приділена новим фінансовим інструментам як продуктів фінансового інжинірингу. Ідентифіковано напрями та умови фінансового інжинірингу, необхідні умови існування інноваційних фінансових інструментів. Наведено визначення структурованого та гібридного фінансового інструменту