ГІДРОГРАФІЧНІ ДОСЛІДЖЕННЯ У ПІВНІЧНОМУ ПРИЧОРНОМОР’Ї у другій половині ХІХ – на початку ХХ ст.

With the beginning of reconstruction of the Black Sea fleet after the Crimean War 1853-1856, there was a need to clarify the nautical charts, sailing direction, available equipments.Building steamships armor clad fleet, location and sailing ships required significant hydrographical provision. In the second half of the XIX century port building, trade and passenger shipping, maritime trade with many foreign countries has been developing.At this time on the Black Sea and the Azov Sea significantly activated hydrographical works. Changes with respect in navigational and hydrographical information required from the hydrograph improvement of old and introduction of new tools and methods of hydrographical researches to improve the quality and speed of works.To perform hydrographical researches became widely used steamship fleet. There were expeditions organized a number of hydrographical and ocean logical during which a number of discoveries and important scientific findings in the field of hydrology, geology and biology of the Black and Azov Seas were made.Some of hydrographical and ocean logic expeditions were organized, throughout which a number of opening and important scientific conclusions in hydrology, geology and biology of the Black and Azov seas were made.In 1871 hydrographic expedition of the Black Sea under the leadership of the captain of the first rank V. Zarudny for systematic and detailed studying of the Black and the Azov seas is organized. Expedition consisted of three groups. The first carried out astronomical and geodetic works. Two other groups carried out survey of a shore and measurement of depth.The staff of Hydrographic expedition of the Black Sea was the military and consisted of 380 people. In 1871, after creation of Hydrographic expedition, hydrometeorological researches on the Black Sea began. During 16 years of work of this expedition the northern coast of the Black Sea from the mouth of the Danube River to the Tenderovsky gulf, the Sevastopol bay, Yalta, part of the southern coast of the Black Sea, part of the northern and southern coast of the Sea of Azov, the Caucasian coast was described.In 1890-1891 the first oceanologic expedition on the Black Sea was carried out. During works the most modern oceanologic devices were used.The results of this expedition were very interesting. It became clear that the bottom of the Black Sea is the smooth, extended from the West to the East ditch with the greatest depth of 2 245 m. In a depth of 200 m and to the bottom the water of the Black Sea is infected with hydrogen sulphide, because of what in this layer there is no life.Also temperature and a concentration of salt in water in different a time of the year were taken. Results of researches allowed drawing important scientific conclusions in the field of a hydrology, geology and biology of the Black and Azov seas.At the beginning of World War I the level of hydrographical researches of the Black and Azov seas was the best on open spaces of the Russian Empire. It was promoted by rather simple configuration of coast, considerably smaller than in the Baltic Sea amount of underwater dangers and rather late carrying out of hydrographic works. This situation allowed using more progressive ways and methods of researches.Освещены особенности развития гидрографической службы на территории Северного Причерноморья во второй половине ХІХ в. Раскрыта роль гидрографических и океанологических экспедиций в содействии обеспечения безопасности судоходства парового флота в Черноморском бассейне. Дана характеристика новым методам и способам гидрографических исследований в данный отрезок времени.Висвітлено особливості розвитку гідрографічної служби у Північному Причорномор’ї у другій половині ХІХ ст. Розкрито роль гідрографічних та океанологічних експедицій у сприянні забезпечення безпеки судноплавства парового флоту у Чорноморському басейні. Охарактеризовано нові методи та засоби гідрографічних досліджень у визначений період