Update on mechanism and therapeutic implications of spinal cord stimulation and cerebral hemodynamics: A narrative review

Spinal cord stimulation (SCS) is well known for its early role in the management of chronic pain, mainly failed back surgery syndrome (FBSS), spasticity, and bowel and bladder dysfunction. In more recent years, SCS has been proposed for patients suffering from refractory angina or peripheral vasculopathies in order to gain symptom relief, thus indicating some hemodynamic effect on the peripheral circulation. Taking into account this scientific observation, since the late1980s, researchers have started to investigate the potential effect of SCS on cerebral blood flow (CBF) regulation and its possible application in certain pathological settings dealing with vascular pattern dysfunction, such as ischemia, subarachnoid hemorrhage, head trauma, and brain tumors. The aim of this study was to review the scientific literature about SCS and its effect on CBF, evaluating the results both in “physiological” experimental models and clinical studies, as well as in the particular pathological conditions we have mentioned above