Synthesis of studies on significant atmospheric electrical effects of major nuclear accidents in Chernobyl and Fukushima

Radioactive materials released during the two most serious nuclear accidents in history, at Chernobyl and Fukushima, caused exceptionally significant contamination and perturbations of the environment. Among them, this paper focuses on the effects related to the atmospheric electricity (AE). Measurements of the most significant disturbances in the values of various AE parameters recorded near ground level are reviewed and the corresponding results are jointly evaluated. The Chernobyl and Fukushima events caused changes in the AE parameters both after long-distance transport (Chernobyl) and short-distance transport including re-suspension (Fukushima). The data indicates that the electrical conductivity of the air is more sensitive to the presence of airborne radioactivity than the atmospheric electric potential gradient (PG). PG, on the other hand, can be monitored more easily and its variation also reflects the vertical redistribution of radionuclides in the air due to their transport, deposition, and re-suspension from the ground. A brief overview of studies on atmospheric transport and deposition of radioactive clouds is given to facilitate the importance of considering the AE measurements in these subjects, and to incorporate those studies in interpreting the results of AE measurements. The AE measurements are particularly important in studying microphysical effects of enhanced radioactivity in the air where no other distance monitoring method exists, both for fair weather conditions wet conditions