USE OF DENTAL RADIOGRAPHY IN FORENSIC

Radiološke metode u forenzičkoj radiologiji koriste se u procjeni dobi, kod utvrđivanja uzroka smrti, te kod identifikacije. Forenzička stomatologija kao grana forenzike predstavlja preklapanje stomatološke i pravne struke, bitne u identifikaciji žrtve, te procjeni dentalne dobi. Forenzička radiologija daje odgovore u radiološkim postupcima i pregledima Postoji tehnika zubnog profiliranja kojom se ispituju zubi i zubno tkivo. Važan dio stomatološke prakse predstavljaju radiogrami za potvrdu dijagnoze, kao i već navedeno u procjeni dentalne dobi i u identifikaciji. Radiogrami se dijele na intraoralne i ekstraoralne. Naglasak je na ortopantomogramu koji daje sliku kompletne gornje i donje čeljusti. Zubi su čvrsti, mineralizirani organi, koje izgrađuju mekana i tvrda zubna tkiva. Jedne su od najjačih struktura u tijelu, te se ne razaraju lako kao ostale tjelesne strukture. To im daje veliki značaj u procesu identifikacije. Stomatološka identifikacija uključuje metode podudaranja, postmortem profiliranje, genetski otisak prsta, procjenu zubnog profila, te biometriju zuba s digitalnim oduzimanjem. U procesu stomatološke identifikacije koristi se denticija. Služi za komparaciju AM (antemortem) i PM (postmortem) postupka, za određivanje rase, spola i starosti u trenutku smrti, te izolaciju DNA iz zubnog tkiva. Antemortem postupak obuhvaća pisane podatke, rendgenske snimke, otisak zuba, osobnu fotografiju, podatke od strane obitelji. Postomortem postupak će pružiti informacije o dobi žrtve, porijeklu predaka, spolu i socio-ekonomskom statusu. Određivanje dentalne dobi podijeljeno je u dvije velike skupine, određivanje dobi kod djece i adolescenata, te kod odraslih. Najpreciznije su metode kod određivanja dobi kod djece jer su svi zubi u razvoju, a analiza se temelji na analizi rasta i razvoja. U odraslih procjena dobi se temelji na istrošenosti zubnih površina, stoga je to postupak s manjom točnosti. Najpoznatije rendgenske tehnike za procjenu dobi kod djece su: Demirjian, Haavikko, Moorreess i Cameriere tehnike. Dentalnu dob kod odraslih istraživali su mnogobrojni stručnjaci, a najpoznatije su metode po Gustafsonu, Johansonu, Camerieru i Lovejoy-u. Prema dostupnim podacima prve metode su se počele koristilo još davne 1800. godine. Metoda prema Gustafsonu 1950. godine bila je glavna okosnica i smjernica svim ostalim znanstvenicima za daljni razvoj metoda za određivanje dentalne dobi.Radiological methods in forensic radiology are used in age estimation, in determination of death and identification. Forensic stomatology as a part of forensic represents overlap dental and legal profession, important in identification of victim and the age estimation. Forensic radiology gives the answers in radiological procedurs and examination. There is a technique of dental profiling which examines tooth and tooth tissue. Important part of dental practice are radiograms for conformation the diagnosis, as alredy is stated in age estimation and in identification. Radiograms can be intraoral and extraoral. The most important is orthopantomogram which gives us an image of the complete upper and lawer jaw. Theets are solid, mineralized organs, which are builed of soft and hard dental tissue. These are one of strongest structure in body and they can not be devastated as esay as other body structure. This gives them great significant in the proces of identification. Dental identification includes matching methods, postmortem profiling, genetic fingerprint, estimate of dental profile and tooth biometric with digital extraction. In proces of dental identification is used dentition. It is used for comparation AM (antemortem) and PM (postmortem) procedure, determining race, gender, age at the time of death and isolation of DNA from teeth tissue. Antemortem procedure involves written data, radiograms, tooth impression, personal photo and datas by family. Postmortem procedure gives us information about the age of victim, fathers origin, gender and socio-economic status. Dental age estimation is splitted in two large groups, dental age estimation of children and adolescent, and in adults. The most precise methods in age estimation of childrens because all teeths are developing, and the analysis is based on analysis of growth and rase. In adults age estimation is based on the wear of tooth surfaces, and that is the reason why this method is with less accuracy. The most famous radiological techniques in childrens age estimation are: Demirjian, Haaviko, Moorrees and Cameriere methods. Dental age in adults has been studied by many experts, and the most famous are Gustafson, Johanson, Cameriere and Lovejoy methods. According to available date first methods were used in 1800. Gustafson method 1950. was the mane framework and guidelines to the others scientist for further development of methods for dental age estimation