In this thesis, we study the general circulation of the northwestern Mediterranean Sea and the impact of the ocean dynamics on the biogeochemical cycles. In the last decade, lots of in situ observations have collected in this region thanks to the emergence of autonomous platforms (Argo profiling floats and gliders). The different phases of the deep convection (preconditionning, vertical mixing, restratifiaction) driving the oceanic seasonal variability are thoroughly studied. The general circulation and the water mass variability of the basin are examined at interannual and seasonal scales. The vertical dynamics of frontal zones and within the mixed patch are analyzed. The basin-scale spreading of deep and intermediate waters by coherent vo...