The discovery of lymphatic system as a turning point in medical knowledge: Aselli, Pecquet and the end of hepatocentrism

In this paper, I would like to analyse the impact of the discovery of lymphatic system on the development of the modern conception of human body. The discovery of lymphatics, as that of blood circulation, has in fact questioned important tenets of Galen's anatomo-physiology. Galen defended a 'dualistic conception' of the blood: he distinguished two different systems, the hepatic-venous system and the cardio-arterial one. The liver played a pivotal role because it was believed to transform the chyle received by the portal vein into venous blood. The discovery of lymphatics challenged this view: 17th-century anatomical dissections and experiments, starting with the discovery of milky veins by Gaspare Aselli (1581-1625) and the studies on thoracic duct by Jean Pecquet (1622-1674), irrefutably showed that the chyle does not pour out in the liver and that, consequently, the liver does not produce blood