A critical review of resource recovery from municipal wastewater treatment plants-market supply potentials, technologies and bottlenecks

In recent decades, academia has elaborated a wide range of technological solutions to recover water, energy, fertiliser and other products from centralised municipal wastewater treatment plants. Drivers for this work range from low resource recovery potential and cost-effectiveness to a high demand for energy and the large environmental footprint of current treatment-plant designs. This critical review aims to inform innovators and decision-makers in water management utilities about the vast technical possibilities and market supply potentialsrelated to designing (or redesigning) a municipal wastewater treatment process from a resource recovery perspective, but also the bottlenecks.Postprint (author's final draft