Uloga ishrane u etiopatogenezi zdravstvenih poremećaja krava u peripartalnom periodu

The goals of high producing dairy cow nutrition are to provide good health and condition of animals, normal 300-day long lactation, more lactation cycle during exploitation, maximal amount of milk yield with optimal chemical contents, as well as bringing healthy and vital veal once a year. Nutrients metabolism disturbances in dairy cows mostly expressed in periparturient period due to higher demands needed for fetus growth and development, as well as for requirements for lactation. Energy metabolism disorder in dairy cows mostly appeared as kethosis complicated with liver fatty acid accumulation that firstly caused fatty infiltration and later fatty degeneration of hepatocytes. Besides energy, in this period changes of mineral status are very common as consequences of higher mineral deposition in skeleton of fetus, and secretion via milk by beginning of the lactation. Mineral metabolism disorder in dairy cows, firstly calcium, mostly appeared as paresis and paralysis. Dairy cows peripartal metabolic disturbances are very dependent and caused among themselves commonly leading to mutual appearance. That’s why the meal for high producing dairy cow in periparturient period have to be optimal balanced not only according to amount of some nutrients, but their relationship, as well as their influences on metabolic pathways and homeostasis.Zadatak ishrane visokoproduktivnih krava muzara je da obezbedi, pre svega, dobro zdravlje i kondiciju životinje, normalnu laktaciju u trajanju od oko 300 dana, veći broj laktacija tokom eksploatacije, maksimalnu količinu mleka optimalnog hemijskog sastava i donošenje na svet zdravog i vitalnog teleta jednom godišnje. Poremećaj metabolizma hranljivih materija kod krava najčešće se ispoljava u peripartalnom periodu zbog povećanih potreba za rast i tazvoj fetusa, kao i zbog potreba za laktaciju. Poremećaj prometa energije kod krava najčešće se ispoljava u vidu ketoze, a komplikovana je činjenicom da u jetri nastaje nakupljanje masnih kiselina, pri čemu nastaje masna infiltracija, a potom i masna degeneracija hepatocita. Pored energije, u ovom periodu su veoma izražene promene statusa mineralnih materija kao posledica deponovanja u skelet ploda, a sa početkom laktacije izlučivanjem mlekom. Poremećaj prometa mineralnih materija, pre svega kalcijuma, najčešće se ispoljava u vidu pareza i paraliza. Postpartalni metabolički poremećaji kod muznih krava međusobno su veoma zavisni i uslovljeni, odnosno obično potenciraju međusobnu pojavu. Zato obrok za krave, posebno u peripartalnom periodu, mora da bude optimalno izbalansiran ne samo u pogledu sadržaja pojedinih hranljivih materija, nego i u pogledu njihovog međusobnog odnosa, kao i uticaja na metaboličke puteve i homeostatske mehanizme