Layer spreading and dimming within the CO2 plume at the Sleipner Field in the North Sea

The CO2 plume at Sleipner has been imaged on 3D seismic surveys as a series of bright sub-horizontal reflections. Nine discrete CO2 rich layers are inferred to have accumulated between a series of intra-reservoir mudstones beneath a substantial reservoir topseal. Time-lapse changes in reflectivity and in the lateral extent of these layers provide useful information about CO2 flow within the reservoir. The deepest CO2 layers within the growing plume have acoustically dimmed, stopped growing, and some have shrunk. Shallower layers have continued to grow. A combination of numerical flow models and analytical solutions of layer spreading yields useful insights into plume development. The observed seismic dimming and shrinkage of the deeper layers are, at least in part, caused by a reduction in the amount of CO2 trapped in the deeper plume. This is probably due to increases in the effective permeability of thin intra-reservoir mudstones. These changes reduce net flux of CO2 into the deeper layers of the plume with a corresponding increase of CO2 flux towards the top of the reservoi