Spinoza strongly maintained throughout his writings that i. one, and only one substance exists, ii. that God or Nature is a substance, and iii. that all that exists is a modification of this substance. But what exactly Spinoza meant by substance and mode is the source of much debate among commentators. In this paper I wish to assess the very first interpretation of Spinoza’s substance and mode, namely, that of Pierre Bayle in his Dictionnaire Critique et Historique where he portraits Spinoza as a Cartesian. This interpretation was very influential from the end of the 17th century until the end of the 18th century as it was translated into various European languages and became standard reading in most European Universities. In the ...