Standard Scores

A standard score indicates how many standard deviations a datum is above or below the population/sample mean. It is derived by subtracting the population/sample mean from an individual raw score and then dividing the difference by the population/sample standard deviation (Moore, 2009). This conversion process is called standardizing or normalizing, though “normalizing” is a broader term and it refers to rendering a variable scale invariant (OECD/JRC, 2008).JRC.DDG.01-Econometrics and applied statistic