An assessment of the fate, behaviour and environmental risk associated with sunscreen TiO2 nanoparticles in UK field scenarios
- Johnson, Andrew C.
- Bowes, Michael J.
- Crossley, Alison
- Jarvie, Helen P.
- Jurkschat, Kerstin
- Juergens, Monika D.
- Lawlor, Alan J.
- Park, Barry
- Rowland, Philip
- Spurgeon, David
- Svendsen, Claus
- Thompson, Ian P.
- Barnes, Robert J.
- Williams, Richard J.
- Xu, Nan
DOIAbstract
The fate of Ti was examined in an activated sludge plant serving over 200,000 people. These studies revealed a decrease of 30 to 3.2 µg/L of Ti<0.45 µm from influent to effluent and a calculated Ti presence of 305 mg/kg DW in wasted sludge. Thus, using sludge as a fertiliser would result in a predicted deposition of up to 250 mg/m2 of Ti to soil surfaces using a recommended maximal agricultural application rate. Given the major use of TiO2 in many industrial and domestic applications where loss to the sewer is possible, this measured Ti was presumed to have been largely TiO2, a proportion of which will be nanoparticle sized. To assess the behaviour of engineered nanoparticle (ENP) TiO2 in sewage and toxicology studies, Optisol (Oxonica Ma...
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