Dimensions of open science in open access policies to scientific knowledge: an analysis of the open access policies of Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Wellcome Trust e National Institute of Health (NIH)

Open access refers to the free provision of scientific or academic literature on the Internet without any barriers to access and reuse. Open science, in turn, is a science practice in which researchers collaborate and contribute to scientific research processes. As demonstrated in the Foster taxonomy, in this science practice, data, laboratory annotations, and other research processes should be made available on terms that allow the reproduction, reuse, and distribution of underlying data and methods. Príncipe (2018) understands that open science is more than open access to scientific publications. Such practice implies that the research process is itself open, using tools and methods that facilitate collaboration, sharing and reuse. Moving from the philosophy and movement towards open access, open access policies to scientific publications have been elaborated, developed and updated. In Brazil, in the area of health, Fiocruz's open access policy seeks to guarantee society free, public and open access to the full content of all intellectual work produced by the institution. In Europe, Wellcome Trust's policy is to ensure that knowledge resulting from the institution's funding is shared and leveraged to maximize health. In the United States, NIH's policy seeks to ensure that the public has access to the results of all research funded by the institution. Although prior to the development of open science, it can be seen that the open access policies of the three institutions incorporate elements of such a science practice, such as: open access, open data, citizen science and peer review. Thus, this research identifies in open access policies of Fiocruz, Wellcome Trust and NIH elements of open science. For this analysis were raised three categories: open access, encompassing repositories, data, pre-prints and peer review; citizen science; and licenses/embargoes, embracing the rights and duties of authors and financial support. From these categories it was possible to observe that: a) the three policies ensure open access by favoring and providing open and free access to the scientific knowledge produced by the institutions. With regard to institutional repositories, for example, Fiocruz's open access policy reinforces the stimulation of the circulation of knowledge through the ARCA, which hosts and makes available the scientific production of the institution; b) As far as citizen science is concerned, NIH's policy requires peer-reviewed manuscripts to be accessible to the public, with a view to advancing science and the quality of human health; c) regarding the licenses, the three policies point to the use (legal hypotheses of secrecy, attribution, etc.)