GEOLOGY AND FOUNDATION ENGINEERING METHODS IN LENINGRAD, PSKOV, NOVGOROD REGIONS

The purpose of the thesis was to present geology of Leningrad, Novgorod and Pskov regions, as well as foundation engineering methods which can be used in the region and in Finland. The description of soils and their properties is based on archival data which was written down to table 1 appendix 1. To verify, correct, compare and confirm the reliability of the information it is necessary to make geological investigations. Sites of investigations are located in Leningrad region namely in Saint-Petersburg. The results of the investigations also were written to the same ta-ble, and for convenience engineering geological elements (sediments) of inves-tigations have the same color with sediments from archival data in table 1. In many ways the results of geological investigations confirm the archival data, such as unit weight, modulus of deformation, natural moisture content, etc. The table can be used to estimate properties of soils, challenges that may occur dur-ing construction and preliminary choose suitable type of foundation. On the basis of geological investigations, the foundation engineering methods were chosen, and can be used in the region and in Finland. Two types of pile foundations were compared, prefabricated piles and cast-in-situ piles. After a comparative analysis the best solution for the construction in urban area is bored piles with the extraction of soil as well as drilled-in caisson piles without removing of soil gives an acceptable result