Trajectory Design Combining Invariant Manifolds with Discrete Mechanics and Optimal Control

A mission design technique that combines invariant manifold techniques, discrete mechanics, and optimal control produces locally optimal low-energy trajectories. Previously, invariant manifolds of the planar circular restricted three-body problem have been used to design trajectories with relatively small midcourse change in velocity ΔV. A different method of using invariant manifolds is explored to design trajectories directly in the four-body problem. Then, using the local optimal control method DMOC (Discrete Mechanics and Optimal Control), it is possible to reduce the midcourse ΔV to zero. The influence of different boundary conditions on the optimal trajectory is also demonstrated. These methods are tested on a trajectory that begins in Earth orbit and ends in ballistic capture at the moon. Impulsive DMOC trajectories require up to 19% less ΔV than trajectories using a Hohmann transfer. When applied to low-thrust trajectories, DMOC produces an improvement of up to 59% in the mass fraction and 22% in travel time when compared with results from shooting methods