One step closer to universal influenza epitopes

The continuous antigenic drifts and occasional antigenic shifts enable human influenza viruses to escape the human immune system. Moreover, the frequent occurrence of human H5N1-infected cases and the recent emergency of a novel swine-like human H1N1 influenza virus further reiterate the risk of the introduction of a new pandemic strain to humans through in toto transfer of an animal influenza virus. The discovery of neutralizing antibodies that are broadly reactive with multiple influenza subtypes is therefore extremely important for the influenza pandemic preparedness, for use either for therapeutic purposes or as the basis of vaccine development. Here, we review some of the recent developments in this area. © 2009 Expert Reviews Ltd.link_to_subscribed_fulltex