Disordered elastic systems: Fluctuations and AC-dynamics

Disordered elastic systems are studied in the quantum, classical, and dynamic regime in the present thesis. The thesis consists of two main parts: In the first part we study the low temperature phase diagram of one-dimensional weakly disordered quantum systems like charge or spin density waves and Luttinger liquids by a full finite temperature renormalization group (RG) calculation. In the classical region, for vanishing quantum fluctuations those results are supplemented by an exact solution of the model in the case of strong disorder, described by the ground state and the correlation function. Furthermore, by a mapping of the problem onto a Burgers equation with noise, in the case of weak disorder, we can derive an expression for the correlation length. At zero temperature we reproduce the (quantum) phase transition between a pinned (localized) and an unpinned (delocalized) phase for weak and strong quantum fluctuations, respectively, as found previously by Fukuyama or Giamarchi and Schulz. At finite temperatures the localization transition is suppressed: the random potential is wiped out by thermal fluctuations on length scales larger than the thermal de Broglie wave length of the phason excitations. The existence of a zero temperature transition is reflected in a rich cross-over phase diagram determined by the correlation functions. In particular we find four different scaling regions: a classical disordered, a quantum disordered, a quantum critical, and a thermal region. The results can be transferred directly to the discussion of the influence of disorder in superfluids. Finally we extend the RG calculation to the treatment of a commensurate lattice potential, and for the case of density waves we discuss the influence of quantum phase-slips, which might lead to a new scenario for the unpinning (delocalization) transition at zero temperature. Additionally, we analyze the current noise in a classical one-dimensional charge density wave system in the weak pinning regime by solving the overdamped equation of motion numerically. At low temperatures and just above the zero temperature depinning threshold, the power spectrum of the current noise reveals the existence of 1/f or flicker noise. Our results are in agreement with experimental measurements in quasi-one-dimensional charge density wave systems. In part two, we examine the viscous motion of an interface driven by a periodically oscillating external field in a random medium. The velocity exhibits a smeared depinning transition showing a pronounced hysteresis, which is absent in the adiabatic case. Its width is determined by a new length scale, introduced by the frequency of the external drive and - in the low frequency regime - by the critical exponents of the zero frequency depinning transition. Scaling arguments and an approximate renormalization group treatment predict a power law behavior of the velocity as a function of frequency and field amplitude at the dc depinning threshold, which is confirmed numerically. Thermal fluctuations lead to an additional smearing of the transition. If the amplitude of the external driving force is smaller than the depinning field, the motion of the interface by avalanches has to be taken into account in order to describe the velocity hysteresis. To check the validity of our model with respect to experimental results, we calculate the complex susceptibilities using an adiabatic and non-adiabatic approach numerically for finite systems and compare it to measurements of a superferromagnetic granular multilayer system and find that the model of an ac driven interface in a disordered environment can describe the main features of the experimental results. Additionally, the influence of a strong surface potential on the critical depinning of an elastic system, driven in a random medium is considered. If the surface potential prevents depinning completely, the curvature of the displacement profile at zero temperature exhibits a pronounced rhombic hysteresis curve with width of two times the (bulk) depinning field. The hysteresis disappears at non-zero temperatures if the driving force is changed adiabatically. If the surface depinns by the applied force or thermal creep, the curvature is reduced with increasing velocity. The results apply, e.g., to driven magnetic domain walls, flux-line lattices, and charge-density waves. As addendum we examine low dimensional interacting, but clean Bose systems at low temperatures. The interaction leads to scattering events of the over-condensate particles for which we calculate the scattering times using Fermi's golden rule. With that we derive the thermal conductivity and the related weak localization corrections. This is done for short and long-range interactions