Sine ars scientia nihil est: Leonardo da Vinci and beyond

The aim of this article is to reflect oil the relationship between art and science so far as it concerns a symposium on neurosciences. We undertake a historical overview of that relationship, paying particular attention to the sui generis case of Leonardo da Vinci, who very often is regarded as the man who worked on art and science with equal ease. We then explain why his idea of merging these two forms of knowledge failed, considering the clear-cut distinction between art and science in his time. With this clarification, we explore the matter today. We look at Raphael's the Transfiguration, in which the representation of the possessed boy is seen by neuroscientists as indicative of an epileptic seizure. We also look at the ideas of neuroscientists Semir Zeki and Vilayanur Ramachandran, who Study particular aspects of brain function and suggest a new merging of art and science. (C) 2008 Elsevier Inc. All rights reservedFundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)Universidade Federal de São Paulo, BR-07252312 Guarulhos, SP, BrazilUniversidade Federal de São Paulo, BR-07252312 Guarulhos, SP, BrazilFAPESP: 02/08441-1CAPES: BEX 1356/04-6Web of Scienc