Sulfate sulfur isotopes and major ion chemistry reveal that pyrite oxidation counteracts CO₂ drawdown from silicate weathering in the Langtang-Trisuli-Narayani River system, Nepal Himalaya

Drawdown of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO₂) due to silicate weathering in the Himalaya has previously been implicated in Cenozoic cooling. However, over timescales shorter than that of the removal of marine sulfate (SO₄²⁻), the oxidation of pyrite (FeS₂) in weathering systems can counteract the alkalinity flux of silicate weathering and modulate pCO₂. Here we present evidence from ³⁴S/³²S isotope ratios in dissolved SO₄²⁻ (δ³⁴S_(SO₄)), together with dissolved major ion concentrations, that reveals FeS₂ oxidation throughout the Langtang-Trisuli-Narayani River system of the Nepal Himalaya. River water samples were collected monthly to bimonthly throughout 2011 from 16 sites ranging from the Lirung Glacier catchment through the Narayani River floodplain. This sampling transect begins in the High Himalayan Crystalline (HHC) formation and passes through the Lesser Himalayan (LH) formation with upstream influences from the Tethyn Sedimentary Series (TSS). Average δ³⁴S_(SO₄) in the Lirung Glacier outlet is 3.6‰, increases downstream to 6.3‰ near the confluence with the Bhote Kosi, and finally declines to −2.6‰ in the lower elevation sites. Using new measurements of major ion concentrations, inversion shows 62–101% of river SO₄²⁻ is derived from the oxidation of sulfide minerals and/or organic sulfur, with the former process likely dominant. The fraction of H₂SO₄-driven weathering is seasonally variable and lower during the monsoon season, attributable to seasonal changes in the relative influence of shallow and deep flow paths with distinct residence times. Inversion results indicate that the primary control on δ³⁴S SO₄ is lithologically variable isotope composition, with the expressed δ³⁴S value for the LH and TSS formations (median values −7.0–0.0‰ in 80% of samples) lower than that in the HHC (median values −1.7–6.2‰ in 80% of samples). Overall, our analysis indicates that FeS₂ oxidation counteracts much of the alkalinity flux from silicate weathering throughout the Narayani River system such that weathering along the sampled transect exerts minimal impact on pCO₂ over timescales >5–10 kyr and