Density Functional Theory Analysis of Surface Structures of Spinel LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 Cathode Materials

First-principle calculation was employed to investigate the surface stability for (100), (110) and (111) low index facets of LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 (LNMO) crystallographic structures with a P4332 space group and phase transitions at the surface regions of Ni0.5Mn1.5O4. The calculated surface energies of (100) and (111) facets with Li-terminations are 1.39 and 1.40 eV, respectively, indicating that both these facets of the LNMO are stable according to the calculation results. Defect formation energies and diffusion barriers of Ni and Mn in surface facets of the Ni0.5Mn1.5O4 are much lower than those in the bulk. This suggests that the Ni and Mn ions in the surface regions of the LNMO easily occupy the tetrahedral Li-positions during delithiation process, which supports the experimental results and explains the surface structure changes of the LNMO upon delithiation