Electromagnetic model of GaAs VCSEL'S with gain giuding

An electromagnetic model of Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Lasers (VCSEL) based on semiconductor compounds is developed; it relies on the rigorous solution of Maxwell equations, including the field confinement due to the gain guiding mechanism which strongly influences the noise properties. The solution of the problem is based on an integral equation of the Fredholm type whose eigenvalues are related to the threshold condition and eigenvectors give the field distributions