In-plane shear resistance of structural frame - wall system: influence of centric confined window opening in masonry infill wall

Armiranobetonski okvir ispunjen ziđem vrlo je uobičajen konstrukcijski sustav u građevinarstvu za niske i srednje visoke zgrade seizmički aktivnih područja Europe. Prema dosadašnjim saznanjima o potresnim djelovanjima, ovaj sustav sastoji se od elemenata koji su seizmički otporni, a to su okvir od armiranog betona ili čelika, te ispunsko ziđe od betonskih ili opečnih blokova. Otvori različitih oblika, veličina i smještaja česta su pojava u ispunskom ziđu, a mogu biti s ili bez vertikalnih serklaža koji pridonose dodatnoj krutosti i stabilnosti konstrukcije. Prilikom proračuna je iznimno važno na odgovarajući način uzeti u obzir utjecaj ispunskog ziđa na odgovor konstrukcije pri potresnom djelovanju. Proračunski postupci određivanja potresne otpornosti moraju se koristiti vrlo oprezno te u skladu s propisima potresnog inženjerstva. Ispunsko ziđe najčešće modeliramo kao tlačni štap. Više je metoda kojima se ispunsko ziđe može uzeti u obzir, ali se još uvijek istražuje koja je od tih metoda najprikladnija. Proračunski model izrađen je u računalnom programu Atena 2D Engineering pomoću metode konačnih elemenata (MKE). Modelirano je nelinearno ponašanje armature, betona i elemenata ispune tj. blokova i morta. Ovakvi modeli su dobra zamjena za stvarni eksperimentalni model. U ovom radu uspoređeno je ponašanje armiranobetonskog okvira sa ispunskim ziđem bez otvora i armiranobetonskog okvira sa ispunskim ziđem s neizmještenim otvorom za prozor omeđenog vertikalnim serklažima pri potresnom djelovanju.Reinforced concrete frame filled with masonry is a very common construction system in construction for low and medium high buildings in seismically active areas of Europe. According to previous knowledge of seismic effects, this system consists of elements that are seismically resistant, namely a frame made of reinforced concrete or steel, and a filling wall made of concrete or brick blocks. Openings of various shapes, sizes and locations are common in the infill wall, and can be with or without vertical circles that contribute to additional rigidity and stability of the structure. When calculating, it is extremely important to take into account the influence of the infill wall on the response of the structure to seismic action. The budgetary procedures for determining seismic resistance must be used very carefully and in accordance with seismic engineering regulations. Filling walls are usually modeled as a pressure rod. There are several methods by which infill masonry can be considered, but it is still being explored which of these methods is most appropriate. The calculation model was developed in the computer program Athens 2D Engineering using the finite element method (FEM). The nonlinear behavior is modeled for reinforcement, concrete and filling elements, that is blocks and mortar. That models are a good replacement for the actual experimental model. This thesis compares the behavior of a reinforced concrete frame with a filling wall without openings and a reinforced concrete frame with a filling wall with an centric confined window opening during seismic action