Incineration as a potential solution to Africa’s plastic waste challenges? A narrative review

Abstract: Africa is considered the second most polluted continent and it will contribute the highest amount of waste into the world’s oceans by 2035. A paltry 4% of the total municipal solid waste (MSW) generated in Africa is recycled and yet 70-80% of the MSW is recyclable. In addition, 90% of the waste that is generated is dumped at uncontrolled landfills while 10% is illegally burnt. Africa has accumulated over 130 million tonnes of plastic waste on its landfills. The poor recycling statistics of the continent means that Africa is missing out on the benefits that plastic waste can yield such as job creation and energy generation; both which are lacking in Africa. The objectives of this review are therefore to assess whether incineration can be considered in the management of plastic waste in Africa based on past life cycle assessment studies; to determine the risks associated with incineration as well as evaluate threats to its success. Data was sourced using keywords and phrases in academic databases and grey literature. The results show that opportunities exist for Africa to manage its plastic waste sustainably and therefore, landfilling of plastic wastes is not the solution due to the risk of spontaneous fires that release harmful toxins. In conclusion, as the continent navigates the path to “zero waste to landfills” in line with circular economy principles; it is time for waste to energy technologies such as incineration to be considered in waste management systems. Life cycle assessments (LCAs) within the African context need to be carried out as they are lacking, in order to determine how incineration or other treatment methods such as pyrolysis and use of plastic wastes in cement kilns and blast furnaces can be successfully implemented without increasing eco-toxicological and human toxicological impacts