Inspired by a long-time professional activity in the field of sanitation, and more precisely by wastewater and sludge treatment, this thesis is focusing on the issue of human excreta in urban areas through a double approach based on history and technology. The problem addressed in this research is dealing with the long-term evolution of sanitation systems in urban areas developed by human beings to remove and handle their feces and urine excretion. The study is considering the evolution of latrines and the process of excreta management, from the first and simple equipment such as urinal and chamber pot, then the piping system and the storage tanks. This research is also addressing the issue of water carriage and of how to define the most ef...